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Oracle older than 9i Release 2 to read that export file, you d find that the DDL it contains would fail 100 percent of the time. Not a single CREATE TABLE statement would work because the NOCOMPRESS/COMPRESS keywords would not be recognized by the older release. DMP files are platform-independent, so you can safely take an export from any platform, transfer it to another, and import it (as long as the versions of Oracle permit). One caveat, however, with Windows and FTPing of files is that Windows will consider a DMP file a text file by default and will tend to convert linefeeds (the end-of-line marker on UNIX) into carriage return/linefeed pairs, thus totally corrupting the DMP file. When transferring a DMP file in Windows, make sure you re doing a binary transfer. If your subsequent import won t work, check the source and target file sizes to make sure they re the same. I can t recall how many times this issue has brought things to a screeching halt while the file had to be retransferred. DMP files are binary files, meaning you won t be editing them to change them. You can extract a large amount of information from them CREATE DDL and more but you won t be editing them in a text editor (or any sort of editor, actually). In the book Expert One-on-One Oracle, I spent a great deal of time discussing the Import and Export utilities and working with DMP files. Because these tools are falling out of favor, in place of the infinitely more flexible Data Pump utilities, I ll defer a full discussion of how to manipulate them, extract data from them, and use them in general to the existing first edition of this book.

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Data Pump is a file format used by at least two tools in Oracle. External tables can load and unload data in the Data Pump format, and the new import/export tools IMPDP and EXPDP use this file format in much the same way IMP and EXP used the DMP file format.

You can now check that a carrySelectAdder is equivalent to a rippleAdder. Here s the overall verification condition: let checkAdders n k = let x = (vec n "x") let y = (vec n "y") let sumA = (vec n "sumA") let sumB = (vec n "sumB") let sumLo = (vec n "sumLo") let sumHi = (vec n "sumHi") let carryA = (vec (n+1) "carryA") let carryB = (vec (n+1) "carryB") let carryLo = (vec (n+1) "carryLo") let carryHi = (vec (n+1) "carryHi") let adder1 = carrySelectAdder n k x y sumLo sumHi carryLo let adder2 = rippleAdder n x y sumB carryB (adder1 &&& adder2 &&& (carryA.[0] === carryB.[0]) ==> (vecEq sumA sumB &&& bitEq carryA.[n] carryB.[n]))

Pump format is exclusive to Oracle 10g Release 1 and above it did not exist in any Oracle9i release, nor can it be used with that release.

Pretty much all of the same caveats that applied to DMP files mentioned previously will apply over time to Data Pump files as well. They are cross-platform (portable) binary files that contain metadata (not stored in CREATE/ALTER statements, but rather in XML) and possibly data. That they use XML as a metadata representation structure is actually relevant to you and me as end users of the tools. IMPDP and EXPDP have some sophisticated filtering and translation capabilities never seen in the IMP/EXP tools of old. This is in part due to the use of XML and to the fact that a CREATE TABLE statement is not stored as a CREATE TABLE, but rather as a marked-up document. This permits easy implementation of a request like Please replace all references to tablespace FOO with tablespace BAR. When the metadata was stored in the DMP file as CREATE/ALTER statements, the Import utility would have had to basically parse each SQL statement before executing it in order to accomplish the feat of changing tablespace names (something it does not do). IMPDP, however, just has to apply a simple XML transformation to accomplish the same. FOO, when it refers to a TABLESPACE, would be surrounded by <TABLESPACE>FOO</TABLESPACE> tags (or some other similar representation). The fact that XML is used has allowed the EXPDP and IMPDP tools to literally leapfrog the old EXP and IMP tools with regard to their capabilities. In 15 Data Loading and Unloading, we ll take a closer look at these tools. Before we get there, however, let s see how we can use this Data Pump format to quickly extract some data from database A and move it to database B. We ll be using an external table in reverse here.

Ignoring the construction of the inputs, the verification condition specifies the following: Assume you have the two adder circuits, with the same inputs. Assume the input carry bits are the same. Then, the output sum vectors are identical, and the final output carry bits are identical. Here is the verification condition being checked interactively, for 5-bit inputs, in chunks of 2 for the carrySelectAdder: > bddBuilder.Equiv (checkAdders 5 2) True;; val it : bool = true In practice, BDDs require a good variable ordering, and the default alphabetic ordering is unlikely to be the best. Here is a larger verification using a more random ordering induced by first comparing on the hash codes of the names of the variables: let approxCompareOn f x y = let c = compare (f x) (f y) if c <> 0 then c else compare x y let bddBuilder2 = BddBuilder(approxCompareOn hash) > bddBuilder2.Equiv (checkAdders 7 2) True;; val it : bool = true Seventy-four Boolean variables are involved in this last verification problem. You would have to generate up to 274 test cases to explore this systematically via testing; that s 22 thousand

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